KEGIATAN GURU DAN DOSEN: GRAMMATICAL TENSES

9.4.19

GRAMMATICAL TENSES

RUMUS TENSES

BAHASA INGGRIS

Simple Present Tense

Rumus	Subject + Verb 1 (present form)
Kata Sinyal	always, every, never, normally, often, sometimes, usually, seldom
Kalimat Positif	He always works very hard in the company
Kalimat Negatif	He does not work very hard in the company.
Kalimat Tanya	Does he work very hard in the company? Yes, he does. / No, he does not.

Simple present tense adalah bentuk tense yang paling umum digunakan. Bentuk ini biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat ini.

Present Continuous Tense

Rumus	Subject + am/is/are + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal	at the moment, just now, now, right now, Listen!, Look!
Kalimat Positif	Look! He is talking with his classmates.
Kalimat Negatif	He is not playing computer games now.
Kalimat Tanya	Is he playing computer games at the moment? Yes, he is. / No, he is not.

Present continuous tense biasanya digunakan untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung saat pembicaraan sedang berlangsung atau bisa juga digunakan untuk rencana di masa depan.

Present Perfect Tense

Rumus	Subject + has/have+ Verb III (past participle form)
Kata Sinyal	already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Kalimat Positif	He has already finished his homework.
Kalimat Negatif	He has not been to Australia so far.
Kalimat Tanya	Has he completed the arrangement for the coming event up to now? Yes, he has. / No, he has not.

Present perfect tense menekankan pada hasil. Tense ini menunjukkan aksi yang masih sedang berlangsung atau baru saja selesai.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus	Subject + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal	for the past 5 years, how long …?, the whole week, since xxxx
Kalimat Positif	He has been working here since 1996.
Kalimat Negatif	He has not been speaking for the last 3 hours.
Kalimat Tanya	Has he been playing the computer game all day? Yes, he has. / No, he has not.

Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Biasanya aksi tersebut ada durasi waktu tertentu dan ada relevansinya dengan kondisi sekarang.

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Simple Past Tense

Rumus	Subject + Verb II (past form)
Kata Sinyal	yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1996, last Thursday, this morning
Kalimat Positif	Last year, he always worked until night.
Kalimat Negatif	He did not go to school this morning.
Kalimat Tanya	Did he pay the bill yesterday? Yes, he did. / No, he did not.

Simple past tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau.

Past Continuous Tense

Rumus	Subject + WAS/WERE + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal	when, while, as long as, at this time yesterday
Kalimat Positif	He was speaking when I entered in room.
Kalimat Negatif	He was not doing his homework at this time yesterday.
Kalimat Tanya	Was he writing the letter to his parents when I was out last Tuesday? Yes, he was. / No, he was not.

Past continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Biasanya ada dua kejadian di masa lampau dan satu kejadian menginterupsi kejadian yang lain.Kejadian yang sedang diinterupsi tersebut yang menggunakan past continuous tense.

Past Perfect Tense

Rumus	Subject + HAD + Verb III (past participle form)
Kata Sinyal	before yesterday, till three days ago, already, until that day
Kalimat Positif	He had finished his designs before he went to work yesterday.
Kalimat Negatif	He had not been a high school student until last year.
Kalimat Tanya	Had he entered the company before he achieved his master degree in 1990? Yes, he had. / No, he had not.

Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebuah kejadian yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lampau dan lebih menekankan pada fakta daripada durasi.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus	Subject + HAD + BEEN + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal	for, since, the whole day, all day
Kalimat Positif	He said that he had been working here for ten years.
Kalimat Negatif	He was told that his teacher had been waiting for him since 2 p.m yesterday.
Kalimat Tanya	Had he been speaking for the whole class before I entered? Yes, he had. / No, he had not.

Past perfect continuous tense hampir serupa dengan past perfect tense. Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aksi yang terjadi di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu, tapi tense ini menekankan pada durasi kejadiannya.

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Simple Future Tense

Rumus	Subject + “WILL/ BE GOING TO” + Verb (present form)
Kata Sinyal	in a year, next …, tomorrow, next week, five days later
Kalimat Positif	He is going to be journalist after he graduate next year.
Kalimat Negatif	He will not play computer games anymore because he understand how harmful they are.
Kalimat Tanya	Will he go to the cinema tomorrow with us? Yes, he will. / No, he will not.

Simple Future tense mengindikasikan suatu aksi di masa yang akan datang dan tidak dapat dipengaruhi. Dapat juga digunakan untuk pembuatan keputusan di masa depan yang spontan atau asumsi yang berhubungan dengan masa yang akan datang. “Will” dan “be going to” merupakan 2 indikator umum pada tenses ini.

Future Continuous Tense

Rumus	Subject + “WILL/BE GOING TO” + “BE” + Verb (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal	tomorrow morning, in one year
Kalimat Positif	He will be delivering the speech to undergraduates at 3 p.m tomorrow afternoon.
Kalimat Negatif	He will not be doing the task in the office this afternoon because he is sick.
Kalimat Tanya	Will he be playing football next morning in the playground? Yes, he will./ No, he will not.

Future continuous tense menunjukkan aksi yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang dan aksi yang pasti akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat.

Future Perfect Tense

Rumus	Subject + “WILL HAVE” + Verb III (past participle form)
Kata Sinyal	by next Monday, in a week
Kalimat Positif	He will have finished the task by next Monday.
Kalimat Negatif	He will not have finished the given task by tomorrow evening.
Kalimat Tanya	Will he have finished the task in a week? Yes, he will./ No, he will not.

Future perfect tense menekankan pada aksi yang sudah berakhir pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Hampir sama dengan semua jenis perfect continuous tense, future perfect continuous tense merupakan serangkaian aksi yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Rumus	Subject + “WILL HAVE BEEN” + Verb-ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal	for the last couple of hours, all day long
Kalimat Positif	He will have been taking charge of the team for the next hour.
Kalimat Negatif	He will not have been doing the task for the last couple of hours.
Kalimat Tanya	Will he have been doing the research all day long? Yes, he will./ No, he will not.

Past Future Tense

Rumus	Subject + WOULD + Verb (present form) Subject + WAS/WERE + GOING TO + Verb (Present Form)
Kata Sinyal
Kalimat Positif	He said that he would leave in three days.
Kalimat Negatif	He did not promise that he would buy you a new computer.
Kalimat Tanya	Did you tell him when I would arrive? Yes, I did. / No, I did not.

Past future tense pada dasarnya digunakan dalam kalimat yang tidak langsung, dimana terdapat perubahan bentuk untuk menyesuaikan dengan rangkaian peristiwa yang ada.

Past Future Continuous Tense

Rumus	Subject + “SHOULD/WOULD BE” + Verb-ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal
Kalimat Positif	I made a promise that I would be doing my homework all day long tomorrow.
Kalimat Negatif	I did not tell anyone that I would be giving a speech to undergraduates for the next whole morning.
Kalimat Tanya	Did you say that you would be working hard in the next week? Yes, I did / No, I did not.

Past future continuous tense menekankan pada serangkaian atau durasi sebuah aksi terjadi. Sebagai tambahan, ini juga biasanya digunakan pada kalimat tidak langsung.

Past Future Perfect Tense

Rumus	Subject + SHOULD/WOULD HAVE + Verb III (past participle form)
Kata Sinyal
Kalimat Positif	He told the students that they should have finished the homework this morning.
Kalimat Negatif	He said that he would not have made such a mistake if he had taken my advice.
Kalimat Tanya	Did you say that you would have been a doctor in three years? Yes, I did / No, I did not.

Terdapat 3 waktu dalam past future perfect yang terjadi di masa lalu. Menunjuk pada waktu yang akan datang, waktu tertentu di masa lalu, tetapi aksi yang terjadi harus sudah selesai sebelum waktu yang akan datang. Dan biasanya digunakan pada kalimat tidak langsung.

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus	Subject + WOULD HAVE BEEN + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal
Kalimat Positif	I heard that you should have been teaching here for ten years by this July.
Kalimat Negatif	I did not know that he would have been working for the past three hours by that time.
Kalimat Tanya	Would he have been explaining to the workers if he had made the information clear? Yes, he would / No, he would not.

Past future perfect continuous tense merupakan bentuk tense yang cukup sulit. Namun, kamu dapat mempelajarinya dari past future perfect tense. Bedanya, past future perfect tense menekankan pada durasi waktu yang sudah berlalu dan hasil.

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Download: Tenses English Language Format Word

Label: English Language, Grammatical Tenses